Methods of Preparation of Alkenes - Alkenes - Chemistry

 Hello Friends  in the last lecture we have studied about the IUPAC Nomenclature of the structure that was given of alkanes in and same as we have also did the structural forma of the IPUPAC Nomenclature  that was been provided to us. so this is basically the topic of LK that we are studying so the IUPAC  name and the structure for now that is or not but now we are dealing with how this kind of alkanes can be prepared from various different chemicals so let us talk about that.

 so friends now you are going to talk about the different methods of preparation of alkanes in which different chemicals would be used so as to make a particular alkanes so there are various methods to prepare alkanes there are various methods to prepare alkanes so now we are going to discuss about what are the different chemical or different methods from which we could prepare and kills so let us talk about it so talking about the first one that is. we could prepare alkanes unsaturated hydrocarbons so this is the one that we could prepare from unsaturated hydrocarbons secondly we could deal and we could prepare it from a kneecap oxidation of basically sodium salt of carboxylic acid so therefore we could prepare the alkanes from sodium sort of carboxylic acid and lastly we could prepare it from alkali rates 

so these are the three process or these are the three methods from which we could prepare the alkanes and the first one is basically unsaturated hydrocarbons from unsaturated hydrocarbons in this process we are going to deal with the hydrogenation of the alkanes alkenes and alkynes so from that we could prepare a case the second is to from sodium sort of therapist we said that is we have two decarboxylate the process M so as to make this one and the last is alkaloids so this are the three different chemicals from which we could have prepare L case but there are various method of you that Albany is more in it so let us discuss about it with indeed a starting with the first that is from unsaturated hydrocarbons we know what is actually unsaturated hydrocarbons because in this we have a chapter we have learned about what is saturated hydrocarbons and es water cetera time two carbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons are those segments which are those hydrocarbons which can consist of at least one carbon-carbon double bond or one carbon-carbon triple bond so because T unsaturated hydrocarbons are being divided into two parts that is the one is alkyne and 

other is alkyne so now we are going to prepare or we are able to prepare the hydrocarbons when it comes to an alkane that is a saturated hydrocarbon from alkyne as less from alkyne so what is this process called and what are the methods that have been involved or what are the catalysts that have been involved in this process let us talk about that too so talking for the first one that is we prepare a saturated hydrocarbon that is will prepare and came from a unsaturated hydrocarbon basically known as alkene so let us do that also suppose if we have alkene and since we know that alkene has a molecular formula or we could also generalize that in the in the form of so this is the general representation of El Cape where we could say that this are this both the are can be same also as well as can be different also and suppose if this is if the both the are or what the alkyne do this R is nothing but the iCal group that I would write over here so these are the alkyl groups and they might be same or they might be different and moreover they can also be hydrogen suppose 

if this is hydrogen and this is also hydrogen so therefore this whole molecule that is Vigna in present in front of you that would be basically become ch2 double bond CH 2 and ch2 development sales to is nothing but if he so easy knees may sit in unsaturated hydrocarbon and specifically it is an alkene so now what we have to do is we have to convert this alkene or this unsaturated hydrocarbon to alkene so for that what will what will be using will be using basically hydrogen the reason behind that is because the me the need of the reaction is that we want the product to form a saturated hydrocarbon basically known as alkene so in this case as you could see that the hydrogen is now been forming but so in this case as you can see that the carbon and carbon consists of double port and moreover we could add any chemical but any chemical won't give you saturated hydrocarbon unless we add hydrogen so suppose in this case suppose if we have added hydrogen in the form of h2 actually means I assume yes that is what we are talking about suppose if we have inserted hydrogen in this and this hydrogen - inserted in Elkanah this reaction alone takes place by its own you have to insert and catalyst and though and that catalysis basically very good so technical is nothing 

but a highly small pieces of the nickel or we could say a highly porous nickel where this alkene which is also a in a gaseous form this gaseous form of alkene and the hydrogen gas that we have on the both are of the gaseous state so by doing this process or by a supplying of a catalyst like dynamical so this will increase the reaction so as to convert an alkene and a reaction of alkyne and hydrogen two and alkene and that LK is that that is a saturated hydrocarbon so in this case as you could see that this two carbon atoms are having in double coordinate so that is also we could see that two hydrogen atoms are there in the hydrogen molecule so among that one hydrogen molecule will go over the carbon so as to satisfy the valency and another hydrogen will also go over here so as to set aside the valency making the whole molecule return into this there is nothing but and alkene so this is how we can prepare alkene this is how we can prepare alkane from alkene so the one more condition that is required because reactions are those where we could to convert is a form of a chemical to different form of a chemical and we could say as a reactant or product but there are different conditions also there was it being required so in this case the main condition that was me required was introduction of catalysis so in this case then identical is been acting as a catalyst so as to convert the alkene into an alkene in presence of hydrogen but moreover this condition don't express any coordination we have to prove we have to provide heat or we have to form the solution so that's the reason

this symbol of heat is being introduced by representing the reaction so this is how we could prepare an alkane from an alkene so this is the general formula of these this is the general reaction that I have presented in front of you but let me give you an example so the example are as follows suppose if we have an alkene that is the first idea that we know that is known as ething suppose this is ething for which we have taken a reaction and we have to convert this into an alkene so this is the thing that we have to do is we have to do hydrogenation and what is hydrogenation hydrogenation is the process of conversion of an unsaturated hydrocarbon to a saturated hydrocarbon in presence of that will be in presence of hydrogen cells so that is introduction of hydrogen molecule to a unsaturated hydrocarbon cells to convert into and alkane that is known as hydrogenation so this is the process that you will do hydrogenation so hydrogenation is nothing but introduction of hydrogen molecules so suppose if I represented the hydrogen molecule in the form of this one in this case that is the both the Ethier and the hydrogen the both are of gaseous phase and what we could see suppose if we have to convert this into an alkane so this this reaction can takes place by it so and we have to introduce an catalysts or in the sense people also say that this election will happen but it will require more time so as to get the product so therefore what we are doing is we are introducing the catalyst so that catalyst is nothing but a tiny nickel that is a highly porous nickel metal or

 we could say highly crushed nickel so as to form a small product because the more the surface area then only this process will take more fastly or we could say that because the catalyst is also dependent on the the reaction is also dependent on the surface area of the catalyst so if the surface self care is more then they'll actually take a big space more rapidly or you could see that the rate of friction will be more so then any K is nothing but the highly porous or we could say that highly crushed nickel particles and now what we could say that the reaction will takes place because the condition is also being suitable because heat is also being represented in the overall reaction so the reaction will takes place in this manner where one of the hydrogen will acquire or will try to attack on the carbon atoms and another one's attack on this one so now this is a simple thing that we have whenever we will write the reaction there should be a significance that how the reaction had happened so in this case this is the CH 2 double bond CH 2 will in which basically the hydrogen will attack on one of the CH 2 molecule and another hydrogen will act on another H 2 molecule so now if this process happens in this way so that the process after the completion of process the thing that will get is a veneto CH 2 but because of the hydrogen what we get we get ch3 and the double bond would be broken and what we'll get is single bond and in this case we have got CH 3 so CH 3 signal board CH 3 is nothing known as ething an ethane is nothing but an alkane so this is how we can prepare an alkane from its corresponding alkyne by using hydrogenation process and whatever we could see that the number of height the number of carbon atom in this case earlier it was 2 and

 we have taken rejected and now after the reaction has been completed then also we could see then the number of carbon atoms are seen so this is why I'm just only specifying about carbon atoms because there are also some reactions in which we could see that after the reaction the number of carbon atoms has been reduced so this is an action where the carbon atoms remains the same and so this was one of the reaction or one of the example of the process where we have converted or what we have did a hydrogenation of alkenes and we have made this one so let me give it an another example so I see it would be a question easy for us to understand that hydrogenation is not so much complicated or moreover it is very easy to convert an alkene to an alkene so for that let me give you another example suppose if we have suppose if we have this molecule that is what we the name of this molecule it will be very much easy to because of understanding of ie BC nomenclature of Akeem so in this case we will got will get to know that this is the one that will have the name because the name Miller also says the position of the substrates and in this case as we could see that this would be the number one carbon second and third so as we could see out of the second carbon atom and this is the login that we had and on the second carbon atom the methyl group is even presented so therefore we could write it has two methyl that is this one that is two meth hi and this overall molecule having a straight chain or continuous long chain of carbon atom consists of three carbon atoms and three carbon atoms means nothing but propane but this is not an alkane this is an eighteen so therefore the name of this would be pro but the position of the position of unsaturation or we could say the position of double bond it starts from the carbon of movement so therefore the name of this will be pro 1e so this is suppose an alkene that we have and we have to convert all we have to do a hydrogenation process on this thing so the thing that we have to do is

 we have to introduce the hydrogen molecule itself so in this case what we are going to do we are introducing the hydrogen molecules and this represents the bond between the hydrogen and hydrogen and now the reaction won't takes place it it by its own so therefore we have to provide a catalyst in the reaction so therefore what we are taking is we are taking America and in presence of heat we will do the reaction and what will happen it will be easy to understand I should have did a little sand we acted in general reactions also so in this case we see one of the hydrogen atom will combine with this ch2 well other one also combines with the other unsaturated carbon atom or basically this carbon atom so now we could say that the result that we'll get on the product that we get is basically ch3 now in this case the H has been introduced here so see H now this ch2 has been converted into because of introduction of hydrogen the unit so now this has become ch3 and now this method was as it is so this is a negative because we can't see any kind of double bond between carbon and kind of carbon atom N and moreover we could see that the carbon and carbon atom has a single bond between them so that /i it's an alkane but what is the name of the second we have did the IEP see earlier also say 2 is much easier to understand that the name of this would be because we'll name it first that is 1 2 3 and in this case basically the second carbon atom consists of two methyl group so therefore the name of this molecule would be yes it would be 2 methyl propane it is nothing but and alkene so this is how we have converted an unsaturated hydrocarbon basically and specifically an alkene to alkene so for that we have introduced a radical and the yes we have did hydrogenation but one more unsaturated hydrocarbon is remaining and that obviously known as one kinds so let us try out that also that how can we convert alkynes to okay let us do that ok all kinds alkynes are the one which has a a hydrocarbon which has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond so suppose 

if we write the general reaction of that so then general reaction are the main thing that you we should make concern because suppose if you if at any hour suppose if you don't know the reaction but if you know the generation you could utilize that reaction and you could solve that particular reaction or that particular incomplete reaction if it is been pointed to you in example how let me get a gender direction of an alkane and from which we could make alkene that is suppose if we have provided you an alkyne and from that we could make alkyne how let us look at that suppose if we have I'm learning the generalization so this is a general representation of alkyne and not the general formula that you know because general formula or general molecular formula so in this case basically we could say that this to R or this to the alkyne group that can be same also as well as that can be different and moreover they can also be hydrogen the both can be hydrogen or amount that only one can be hydrogen so you go with the example also so therefore this is the general representation of an alkane which consists of this you could see that there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond so therefore this is an alkyne I would write it over here and for this I have to convert into an alkane but this process don't takes place directly and because the thing is this will be converted into first alkene and then alkyne will be converted into alkyne but this is a rapid process where we could see that alkyne is been directly converted into LK but there are few steps that are maybe more in this let us discuss about that so in the previous lecture that we have or in the previous reaction that we have saw that the carbon-carbon double bond with the introduction of hydrogen has become carbon-carbon single bond so in this case also similarly suppose if it is carbon-carbon triple bond and because of the introduction of hydrogen gas so now this carbon-carbon double bond at a PI bond will be break and it will be informed as carbon-carbon double bond so now therefore the reaction will be the same as we have did earlier also that is we are doing the hydrogenation process and this is the first hydrogenation process where we have converting and al kind into a key how let us see where one of the hydrogen will attack on the carbon atom or

 it will try to substitute or break the bond so as to make the valency of the carbon atom and again when this bond would be breaking about this the PI bond would be broken and this is the big carbon singing what is nothing but the Sigma for know this carbon-carbon single bond among the three local government a per world that is one of the point would be carbon-carbon Sigma one while the other a low-carbon PI bond so this pi bonds are very easily to break because they don't have so much of that is a head-on collision because PI bonds are made because of the electron solution of the P orbitals so because of this it is very much easy to take them and that's the reason the hydration process can take space and because of which among this two carbon atom or among these two carbon atoms as we could see that there is presence of triple bond so the one of the weakest bond that is one of the PI bond will be breakin and this would be converted into basically a carbon would never so now the answer that we could get is or the over on the actual that we could get s in this case but this section will takes place in presence of than any can so therefore you try red Michael over here and in presence of heat or in a in a form condition so now this has been converted into I put I over here where this is now been converted into our C double bond C or - and one of the hydrogen has been attached over here and another hydrogen is attached over here so now this has been converted from an alkyne to alkyne but the reaction is not yet over because this process will go on continuous the reaction will go on continuously and it will be converted from triple bond to a single bond and moreover we could say that the hydrogenation process in presence of chemical is not a controllable process because this will convert any kind of couple that one double bond or triple bond to directly cavenda one single board so therefore this would be stable up till here the reaction will be more yet yes the reaction that is the hydration process will be more and we could see that again the hydrogen gas has been introduced it will be introduced and we could see that this hydrogen will attacked over here and another hydrogen attached over here making the molecule to be called as forever to be written as 2 million facilities our ch2 single one because a double bond will break because in kappa that one double bond also and we could say about alkene then one of the carbon-carbon there is single boat that they have because we know that it has a double bond and one of the bond we have carbon-carbon single bond while the other one will have carbon-carbon by one so one of the biggest work that is the pi bond will break and this will be giving us our CH 2 r CH 2 Ornish so this are the buddha that have been present over here that is our n rh they both can be hydrogen also as we have discussed so now as you could see that this carbon atom this carbon atom have carbon-carbon single bond that's the reason now they are going to be alkane so we could also make the overall reaction or overall general reaction to be represented in such a way that we don't have to write the reaction point was practically this direction make sense in such a manner where Elkind when we don't draw hydrogenation presence of foreign indican it died later from the carbon-carbon triple bond to carbon carbon single bond that is alkane so that's the reason we could for representation on this we could also write it as hunky that is been given over here plus 2 times of or the stoichiometry of the hydrogen will be 2 times of h2s and in presence of finanical and it would have given us directly that is our CH 2 CH 2 R and moreover if you observe that if I have taken the number of reactant s 2 the number of product is formed to be 1 so this implies that this kind of racial animus addition reactions and again here also if I have taken the number of retinas to that in this case I have got only one product I do not have but if I produce so making this reaction to be called as an addition reaction so this is the representation of conversion of an unsaturated hydrocarbon basically and specifically alkyne to alkene but let me represent it by giving an example suppose we have this as an alkyne and this icon as you know that it consists of carbon-carbon double bond and this is the ELQ end and as you could see that there is carbon-carbon triple bond and only two ca

rbon atoms making this a hydrocarbon to be called as ether so in this case suppose if I did hydrogenation that is if I have introduced hydrogen which is a gaseous material and in presence of that is serenity and I have heated it so this attack will be lightly converted into a gain and that can be controllable unless we use another catalyst that could be controlled over this thing so this is the thing when we could see that the high the sacramentary of the hydrogen will be double or if you could say that two times of hydrogen will be used in the overall direction and now this protein could be converted into that is a CH ch2 single bond ch2 edge or this could also be written as very simply fickle also simplify this and so as to we could write as ch3 signal want ch3 basically this is an alkane and specifically we could say that this is nothing but yes it is nothing but if a so this is how we could convert a ethanol alkyne into basically an alkane and the number of carbon atom would not change and it would be the same thing so let me give you an another example suppose if we have this molecule suppose this is the monkey that we have and we have to do the hydrogenation process or we have to convert this unsaturated hydrocarbon into a saturated hydrocarbon basically okay so now the thing that we will do is we will introduce the hydrogen atoms the hydrogen molecules and this really use twice idler molecule that would be in gaseous state and in presence of a catalyst that is and any nickel and we will do it in a hot condition will form this solution this one this reactants so the thing that will get is will get the product to be ch3 C single bond C ch3 and in this case you can see that there are four hydrogen atoms so therefore four hydrogen atoms will attack the unsaturated carbon carbon bond and now the product would be in this form there are four hydrogen atoms in over this case and this is the introduction of the four hydrocarbons in the top on top on triple bond making it s carbons up on a single bond and this are the hydrogen that we have but what about the name of the product it would be very easy to understand that the product name would be methane ethane propane butane because four carbon atoms are there so we could call it as basically duty but what about this reactant the reactant actually it was four carbon atoms and moreover we could see that it takes a carbon-carbon double bond and for naming that we know that it should we should select the longest chain that is dying this is that we have learned about that and we have to specify the double bond in such a manner up here to give the number to the carbon-carbon double bond or triple bond in such a manner that it should get a least number so therefore in this is symmetrical molecule and we could name it from anywhere suppose if I have it from here that's one two three four if I number it from here so in this case what I could see is I can see that the carbon-carbon double bond starts from th

e second carbon atom and overall the hydrocarbon consists of four carbon atoms making this to be called s and moreover we could see that this molecule consists of history four carbon atoms called to be beaut to fine so then you know this would be Butte to wine or butane so this is the thing that we have converted an unsaturated hydrocarbon to a saturated hydrocarbon ACU known as alkenes so this is an example where where we have discussed about how we have converted an unsaturated hydrocarbon to a saturated hydrocarbon that is okay oh we have did earlier that is how can we prepare the alkane from an unsaturated hydrocarbon that is a separately for from alkene exodus from alkyne so now we are going to step towards the next row and that is how can we prepare alkane from sodium sort of carboxylic acid carboxylic acid is nothing but the group that it can say contains a carboxyl group that is C double bond o o H that is this one so now we have to make all we have to just consider the sodium salt of carboxylic acid so if I made this will to be called as our C double bond o H then this is nothing but a carboxylic group a component which is nothing but a carboxylic acid and it consists of a car mostly Clou but now what if I've introduced the sodium impress in in case of the hydrogen that it has suppose instead of hydrogen if I have introduced sodium so now this would be called as sodium salt of carboxylic acid so now this is sodium sort of conversely acid and from sodium sort of topics click and said we have to prepare m.l.king so how can we do that that is for this kind of friction we will introduce that is for this kind of reaction we will introduce calcium oxide and we will warm it but this reaction won't exist by its own we have to provide an another reagent and that reagent is nothing but anyway that is sodium hydroxide so now what is the reaction that hap

pens suppose if I have introduced the sodium salt of that poster I said this is sodium sort of compost I said I've liked it over here this floating sort of basic carboxylic acid and this is sodium ethoxide and in presence of that is calcium oxide and we have we evolving the solution or warming the reactants so what would happen in this case the thing that will happen in this case is this and a Oh along with this see oh oh ma this would be removed so if this gets removed then it could be written as an A to C this is o 1 o 2 O 3 so we could write it as so any 2 Co 3 that is sodium carbonate will be the byproduct and as we know that after heating this process basically the sodium calculate will be subtracted and if the sodium government gets separated and what the else that has been remaining the thing that is been remaining is nothing but P n can group and a hydrogen so algorithm is the one which consists of one I will s and if that alkyl group has an introduction of n hydrogen over it then we could say that the alkyl group ends will not be converted into an alkane so now in this case basically R and H if they will combine on an alkyl and hydrogen if they would combine they will form an alkene so this is the process where we can convert a sodium sort of carbox

ylic acid to it's okay but one thing is noticeable and what is that as you can see that this happened with a loss of carbon with a loss of carbon atom so as you could see that it contained a carbon atom earlier and we have talked about sodium sort of carboxylic acid and after doing this process that is after introduction of sodium hydroxide and in presence of that is calcium oxide and by warming it you can see that one carbon atom is less in this alkene so this implies that the carbon has been removed in the form of that is carbon dioxide or in this case basically this whole thing has me to go that is C double bond o and o this has been removed so this kind of process where the carbon dioxide also gets removed is known as a decarboxylation so therefore this is the process which is also called to be as a decarboxylation process so therefore what is the ultimate thing that we are going to talk about that by decarboxylation of sodium sort of composite li

ke acid we can convert the sodium sort of carboxylic acid to its alkane with one carbon atom less so this is the general reaction of the reaction so this is the general reaction where we could convert sodium sort of carboxylic acid to again so this is what we could write over here as a general reaction but let us understand that what are the different examples from which we could learn more things about the conversion in this conversion or this method of preparation of an alkene so let us talk about it suppose if we have a sodium sort of carboxylic acid like this one if I'm representing it that is ch3 C double bond o o M if instead of any or instead of sodium if H would have been there then this could be called as acetic acid or basically we knew it as ethanoic acid when it comes to the IEP see maybe so now it is called to be we see a sodium salt of acetate or sodium sort of acetic acid or the common name of this would be sodium acetate so sodium this is the sodium acetate and moreover we could see that this is nothing but the sodium salt of carboxylic acid and so for

that from this we have to make or we have to prepare actually an alkane so we will do a decarboxylation process but the decomposition process don't take specify it on video to introduce some reagents are either we will hate it but as you could see that this is a sodium and that's the reason it cannot be removed directly by heating it so therefore we have to remove or we have to introduce the reagent so as to remove this as a by-product so what is the thing that will good so we'll do that is we will introduce basically sodium hydroxide that is energy in presence of that is tension oxide and we will heat it so this process what will actually happen so this nao that is sodium oxide as you see here so this will be now able to remove this as a reagent and the thing that is being left with us is basically a methyl group that is ch 3 and H so CH 3 and H that makes basically ch4 so therefore this the both the reactants that has been left that is the ch3 and edge they both will come towards each other and we will get VC CH 4 symbol but what is the byproduct the byproduct as we will see that it consists of and a to Co 3 so this is the byproduct we have got and what is the main product that we have got but that is the Viper is sodium carbonate and the B power that we have got in this case is methane and methane is the one which is presently a gaseous state so therefore this is the one when we have convert same sort of acetate to in between by the process known as decarboxylation and as you could see that the total number of carbon in this case was two but now it is p1 so that is the reason it is named as being alkylation so this was a mixup or when we have converted sodium acetate to anything or to ALK so we have another example so let us try about that and let us see what is the thing that we could get suppose we have sodium salt of carboxylic acid and that conversely acid is

 this one so as we can see that the total number of carbon atom in this case is three and three carbon atoms in terms of a hydrocarbon we see a such which I know that what is known as propane but now this is a sodium salt of carboxylic acid so there therefore the name of this could be given as sodium and this is nothing but three carbon atoms are present that is propane in terms of a saturated hydrocarbon but the name of this would be converted and will be now because of this oxygen atoms in Navi propionate that is sodium propionate so now because it is sodium propionate that we have and we have to do the decomposition process so as to make a alkane make an alkane so the thing is we didn't introduce again it is very much simple to understand that is we will introduce any H that is in presence of tension oxide and will hate it so the thing that is will be removed is basically this hold group that is been attached to the L that room now this whole group will 

be removed along with sodium oxide so now the thing that is been left or that has been removed as a by-product is nothing but any 2 Co 3 is the byproduct that has been removed but what would be the main now that is main product so the main product is you could see that this is an alkyl group that we have and this will be not combined with the hydrogen so as to make and I'll tell it should not be converted into an alkene and moreover you could see that it consists of two carbon atoms making this to be called as time so now if haven't combines with hydrogen it forms Ethan so we could write this as C 2 at 6 that is known as Ethan so this is what we have so we have converted basically sodium propionate to Ethan and we could also see that one carbon atom is Vilnius and this process is known as decarboxylation and this is the one where 

we could prepare a alkene from sirum sort of carboxylic acid so now we have discussed about how can we prepare a alkene from its sodium salt of carboxylic acid suppose if we have this question that has been present on your screen and it says that how can we prepare propane from a sodium salt of carboxylic acid so now this is a bit challenging and we have to think a lot about it that how can we make propane from the sodium salt of carboxylic acid the reason behind that is they have not mentioned that what sodium carboxylic as I said it is or might be it is sodium acetate or might it be sue diem propane o it what we have so we have to think about that and what would be the conclusion because we know that it has been provided with sodium salt of carboxylic acid and we know that sodium salt of carboxylic acid is the one that will undergo decarboxylation that is after the beaker friction we will get a product as na2co3 and amine protest to be alkene and that alkene have one carbon atom less then compare to that of its original sodium sort of carboxylic acid so this implies that if we have to prepare propane as you could see us so if you have to prepare propane and the propane is the one which consists of BC thing carbon atoms so its sodium salt of carboxylic acid will contain four carbon atoms so therefore what we have to do is we have to represent the four thousand atoms in the form of the sodium salt of carboxylic acid and then we have to do the decomposition process so as to get propane as a product so let us do that how can we do it see the total number of carbons in propane is three so now because of we are writing at sodium salt of its carboxylic acid where it could take it will contain more number of atom a carbon atom that is where it will contain more number of carbon atom so now we could write it as ch3 ch2 again ch2 this has made a total number of three carbon atoms what do we have to represent it in the form of carboxylic acid and moreover sodium sort of carboxylic acid so what we are going to do we will introduce a carboxylic group that is C double bond o o n me now what we will do is we will do the decomposition process by introduction of that is MeOH and now what we are going to do will represent or will do the reaction in presence of that is calcium oxide and in presence of heat and in this case what we are going to see is we will see that this group that is C double bond o ome this group along with oh and it will be removed as na2co3 basically known as sodium carbonate so now so now the thing that has been left with us is basically a profile group that is ch3 ch2 ch2 group that is a propyl group and propylene to b7 which is 

basically propane with one hydrogen atom less so this is the one profile that we have and this will combine with the hydrogen that has been left out of the sodium hydroxide so now what will happen is this will combine with the hydrogen so as to form ch3 ch2 ch2 plus h that has become ch3 basically known as propane so this is the product that we have got so this was a quotient in wet when it had got a Saudi it has made us to challenge that from which or which kind of sodium salt of car whose lands it would be it it will be prepared from because there are multiple sodium salt of carboxyl exits so this is what we have choose and we have choose that the carboxylic acid is the one which consists of the Select role of carbonyl ASN will be the one which consists of four carbon atoms and after decarburization it will convert into a carbon atom or a hydro carbon atom which consists of three carbon atoms and now what would be the name of the reactant that we have used in this case because in this case the sodium is this will form a salt of carboxylic acid so therefore the name of this reactant is sodium sodium butyrate so sodium Beauty rate is the name of this carboxylic acid and after the decarboxylation process we'll get through pain so this is how we have made a alkane from the given cushion that was been provided to us very easy to understand so now after doing the preparation or the method of preparation from unsaturated hydrocarbon and that is sodium sort of carboxylic acid now we are going to prepare a alkane from an alcoholic so this is how we are going to prepare a delicate from alkyl halide but there are two methods from nature or the two other professions from which we could prepare and it came from uncanny right that is the first one is using zinc copper couple that is an icon so this is the first method from which we could 

convert an alkyl halide to MLK but the other one is using sodium it so these are the two methods well from this we could convert an alkyl halide to an alkane so talking about the first one that is using zinc and copper couple so this involves basically the reduction of the alkyl halide where we are using not the hydrogen molecule as a gaseous phase but we are using the mask and phase of three hydrogen atoms so what are those let us talk about in this thing that is we are going to prepare an alkane from sodium copper coupling also ten copper couple and for that we need hydrogen because hydrogen is the one which will ready use the alkali and we will form this reaction that we have that is this Alex this rx represents where RSV I can prove where X is no dense Hawaii so therefore making it to be called s i'll cannulate so this alkyl halide will be reacted with basically in presence of zinc copper and a cob and we have to heat it so whenever zinc copper this couple is being reacted with alcohol it will produce hydrogen and those hydrogen that it will be produced that will be because of that the zinc and copper has been dated with alcohol so as to produce my skin or hydrogen atoms for in this case what will happen is we will get in this thing we will get to mixing in hypokinetic in which among the two next gained hydrogen atoms one hydrogen atom will be removed or one hydrogen atom will be involved with this X so as to form xx my remaining a hydrogen atom will be with the alkyl group and yes you will get basically an alkene so this is how we can convert a alkyl halide to its alkane by using this reduction method also and this reduction method doesn't impose as earlier that we have did that is we have converted an unsaturated carbon atom to a saturated hydrocarbon basically alkene and in this case this is also known as the reduction process where we have import the hydrogen molecules to react with the alkyl halide and so as to remove the hello Adam and to replace it with the hydrogen atom so now this hydrogen atom that we have got is because of the zinc copper couple that has been reacted with alcohol and as you know that when cooling is also when it is vindictive then fall it produces hydrogen so as a guess whose face so now in this case this is in couple days so the alcohol to form hydrogen nice can hydrogen atoms and basically hi detective 

a hydrogen atoms that would react with alkali first of all okay so let me give you an example of for this that how can we prepare a particular and gain by using a specific alkyl halide suppose if we have since we be a named it as methyl bromide or we could also say it as bromomethane in terms of IEP see that is blue methane is the money it is been caught so suppose if we have reacted this with Mexican hydrogen and how the new screen hydrogen will be produced this is the one that we have got to know itself that is it will be me because of zinc copper plus encode if you Lea tricked with that and and if you heat it so in this case what happens is because the one of the H will take away the BR from here so therefore the by-product will be miss Celie HBR and the remaining thing that has been left with us s basically this CH 3 that is with us and means that is not be enough if all along with the PR but it is still with as a reactant and it will take about the - only one hydrogen it will link from there and so as to produce basically CH 3 H or we could write it as CH for making to be coiled as methane so this is how we can prepare a alkyl halide to an alkane so the naming of this was very much easier or how the question will be asked the ocean will be asking a very simple form and that is how can we prepare that is methane from alkyl halide so this is the one that we can do and we have two options because earlier also we have discussed that we could propeller that is methane from using zinc couple or we can prepare an NK from zinc couple and using slowly metal but this reaction is only possible when say couple is been used in this case sodium couple if it is sodium then that is the whole selection that we are going to talk about then in this case basically the methane won't be produced but in this case of that is zinc of all if we are using and we can prevent anything from that but that cannot be prepared from using sodium it and so the both react both the processes are different and they have quite a liberation but this section don't have limitation and we could prepare in particular alkyl halide to its alkene suppose if another example that we have and in this case we have been asked for the conversion of a alkyl halide to an alkene and suppose that i can add is B so that I can hell is 

that is it has been gone to BBC to IO to propane suppose if - I had a proposition suppose if - I know propane is with us and we have to convert it to a particular alkene so what is the thing that we have to do is we have to that is they reacted with the zinc couple and alcohol that is we have to make it to undergo through a reduction process where we could get two nice can hydrogen atoms or Mexican hydron species and this now will be because of teasing copper couple and alcohol and we'll heat it so in this case what is the thing that will get is loss one of the H will take away this I or will remove this iodine so as to form try to be called as the byproduct well the thing that has been remaining the truss is basically CH 3 CH CC and among this - next in hydrogen one has been gone with the iodine and the one is big remaining that is that hydrogen will be involved here so I'll make it as a name of this is nothing but protein so this is the nature that we have made that is from conversion of an alkyl halide to a propane but in exams how the ocean would be us suppose the question would be asked in this that is how can you convert one iota propane to propane so this is the question that they could ask so you could apply any of the method but if they are specifying that the hydro propane is been now converted into propane and in this case because the number of carbon atoms is not being changed so it will remain the same as it is and I have specified earlier also because there will be some kind of friction but we have to observe that the number of carbon atoms are same or not so this is the only case where the number of carbon atoms remains the same and that kind of a girl LEDs we converted into image and gain that is popping in this case so this is how where we will

 only use there is a zinc couple and alcohol starts to prepare a particular entry but the another version can also be asked in this manner that how can you prepare propane from that is from an alkyl halide using zinc copper couple alcohol so this is the portion that they could have asked or they could give you an incomplete question and we have to fulfill that for example this is one suppose if they have mentioned as a cushion which is basically intricate that is so suppose this is the reaction that Isis is provided to us and we have to find that what would be the reactant it is very easy to to find out that for to be the reactant because as you can see that the total number of carbon atoms that has been produced as a product in this case is to making it to be coil as ething and moreover this are the reactive species that have been given to us and the conditions are also being given to us where it has been the zinc and copper couple hours been involved with alcohol and the two mexican hydrogen has been produced but what would be the alkyl halide that is the main important thing so as we can see that this is the one which consists of two carbon atoms that means the reactant will consist of two carbon atoms and it would be a little talent and the hell would be because of exes we could see that the hell are is nothing but the CLA that is the glory that is the Peruvian atom so therefore we could write it as in this format that is the given reactant would be ch3 ch2 CL so this is the reactant that we have and we could name it as chloromethane also chloro ethan and because of which that is one hydrogen will take this xl2 from axial and one hydrogen be involved over here so as to form basically ething so this is the reaction where we have converted a khloe fail to easily ethan so this is also they can give you or else they could give you the reactants and they will ask you for the product so the question for suppose if the question has been asked in this form and so what they could ask you so they could ask you in to - that is the first question is how can you convert chloro ethane to Ethan this would be the first cushion so in this case we have got whether the chloro ethane is nothing but an American and an alkali that has to be converted to an alkene so there for we have to use this leasing couple and think of all as the the couples of the metals and we have to use alcohol so from that we will do the head possess and we'll make Ethan so or else they could ask you in this manner that how can you prepare eating from floor within so these are the two things that we could ask so it would be very simple to understand but yes whenever they will ask you that you have to prepare something so that product or that name that they will give you like prepare something like prepare II think so that Ethan will be on the right-hand side of the M while the word if they haven't given to you or in the form of motion

 that is you have to prepare from and that from will be nothing but the reactant so these are the two things that we should be very careful of because most of the mistakes have been done by understand by misunderstanding the cushion so that is happens human error so let us talk about the another one that we have discussed about because we have discussed about the NK can be prepared from an American head and from that we have what to know that alkene can be prepared from using zinc copper couple as a recycle but now we are going to talk about that how energy can can be prepared by using sodium metal and in that case basically and Caroline is also been involved so let us talk about that so now let us discuss about that how the alkyl halide will be reacted with the sodium and from that we have to prepare a basically an alkene so let us talk about that suppose if our X represents the alkyl halide and on which we have to react it with Suleiman so the reaction of the sodium metal and the elegant takes place in business of basically drive and heat yes so this is the reaction that takes place and where we have to convert an alkyl halide into an arcane but this reaction doesn't takes place by only reacting with the sodium with only one mole of that is alkylated because the sodium will take away this X so as to form these sodium halide but what will be with the alkyl group that is a it so now sodium will react with only one moon of four alkyl halide so what will happen if the NEX will be produced and only the alkyl will be left so this is not happen so for that what we are going to do is we will introduce basically two types or two moles of alkyl halide and two moles of sodium so in this case what happens is because the reaction takes place in presence of dyes and then the only possibility thing is that is glutamine with us is that is the sodium will not take away this X or this halide while the other it will also involve the removal of sodium and the halogen atom so for that what we will get is we will get two moles of MX plus the reactant that is built the rated now that is with us is basically an independent group so now they both will couple with each other so as to form an alkene so this is a process where we have converted and I'll conclude that is an alkyl halide that is our X 2 and alkene in which we see that the number of carbon atoms now our window because these are the two modes of the alcohol that was been in word and in that case also so as to complete the reaction we have introduced the sodium metal and sodium metal when all this reactors have been involved in presence of dyes and we have heated and made a reaction we have got our - our or basically we call it as an alkane even this is an alkane it has to stop missing two alkyl groups and two moles of MX has been removed as a by-product so this kind of reaction is basically in Kunis would station so this is a reaction where the alkyl groups gets coupled and form and for more number of carbon atoms so as to get a hydrocarbon in which the sodium is also being involved so basically this is a reaction which is in which alkyl halide is been involved so as to form an alkane but the alkyl halide will form an egg gained with respect to that the carbon atoms are now being doubled off you could say that the carbon that the carbon atoms are now been increased so this is how we can prepare an alkane from force reaction so this is a very important action that we are going to discuss about so let me explain this gentle reaction of the Bhoots reaction in presence of some other example so let us talk about that also talking about the first example that we came from which we could make an alkane that is suppose if we have a methyl bromide and methyl bromide is the one that we have to react it with pissing is sodium so suppose if I have introduced sodium and that also in presence of that is right and will heat it so the thing that will be involved in this case because the sodium has a valency of one end so as via so now therefore so as to fulfil the valency of the carbonate that would be remade as an alkyl group is this boat to our big net with each other so that is it we have to introduce another mole of that is I can write X Emily we can also introduce another mole of sodium atom so in this case what will happen is basically the sodium will be now involving the bromine bromine and bromine atom and again this forum will be involved with the bromine atom so as to form they say two moles of any BR that is sodium bromide and the 

that will be remain with us is basically this ch3 and this is me the both other I can groups tells me thank you brandy thank you but now they will we'll cover with each other's rest now they've uniform that is ch3 ch3 basic known as eating so in this reaction basically we have converted methyl provide to Ethan so this is basically known as wood section and wood section takes place in presence of sodium and driving through so this is the reaction that we have me and we have also saw that in the carbon atom which was been involved in terms of react and if you observe that only one carbon atom was been involved in the reactant and but now after the reaction has been completed you could see that the product that is will form a consists of two carbon atoms that is the double than that of the previous one or the reactant that we have mentioned in this reaction so this is how it happens and the coupling of a cow takes place and this kind of friction is basically known as force reaction so suppose what if we have introduced this was a primary one and what if we have introduced is secondary I can't collide so let us talk about that also let me give it to an example suppose if we have this as an alkyl halide and from which we have to react it with sodium or basically we have to do a boots reaction of it so what is the thing that we have to do you have to get 2 moles of that is the Hara that we have that is missing Nunez to chloro propane so this is a that we have and we have to get it 2 moles of sodium and then also in presence of that is dry and we will heat it so what is the reaction that we will get out what is the product that we will get after the reaction may it is very simple to understand because since we are involved in this case because we are involved with two moles of alkyl halide so therefore in this case suppose we could write it in this manner that is CH 3 CH ch3cl in which I get two moles of sodium I'll also be involved so therefore this is the sodium that is been involved in this case two moles of sodium so now therefore this na will take away this see when this sodium will take away this sin so forming two moles of any as a by-product and the thing that is remaining with us is basically this as a couple so therefore people write it as ch3 ch2 a ch3 a bond between this carbon and this carbon and now this is would be C HC in this case it would be CS thing so this is the reaction that takes place so what would be the name of the product so for that we have did an IBC name also nomenclature so in that case what we about to know that we have to set the longest chain and turn is long machine of carbon atoms now therefore the kinetic chain of this carbon atom can be decided to be this one and now nobody can be started because this is the opposite name that we have did earlier so therefore the it is very much beneficial for us to intersect the IEP Cinematheque sure that we have traded in our earlier lectures and now we are applying those things here so as to determine that what we the name of this product so now I will name this carbon as to be one second this would be the third and this will be the food so I could see that on second position and on again on third push and I could see the methyl groups so therefore the name of this kind of product that we have got can be written as 2 comma 3 gamma dive inside and the total number of carbon in the straight chain or continuous chain is basically 4 so making to be called as having a parent carbon atom called to be as you didn't so this is the answer that we have or this is the reaction that we have made by introducing that is 2-chloro through pin by introducing 2-chloro propane with the sodium and Dreiser we have to bet that is 2 1 3 diluting so the question can be asked in this one also has discussed about this earlier also so therefore the question can be asked that how can you convert to plural propane 2 2 comma 3 magnet I do Tate so this is the portion that they cross but how can you determine that whether this reaction will undergo food selection or whether this section have to move with the zinc copper company and alcohol so that kind of reduction so what would be the main reason behind to involve which of the reaction so as to form for because the both of the reaction are forming basically an alkane from an uncannily so in that case will be the main important thing is the first section that we have did that is when the we have reacted and collide with the zinc copper couple so in that case basically the number of alkyl halide which was suppose if it is 3 and the product will have a hydrocarbon which consists of 3 carbon atoms but in case of more selection suppose if we have introduced basically 3 items or three carbon atoms as an alkyl halide and the product would be the double of the end that it were having six carbon atoms this is how we could differentiate between the two reactions so now suppose what if we have this as in hmmm you're talking about versus reaction so this is the good section that we have discussed that we have involved a alkyl halide and that is the thing that we have multiplied it with two so as to make the stoichiometry and that is noting that the number of carbon atoms embodying the product would be the double of the he reacted but what if if I take this as the reactants where I could involve BCD ch3cl and c2h5 see it suppose if this is the thing that type in word because this is the solution when I have involved methyl chloride as attacked right and I am introducing in this case sodium and in that also in presence of basically driver and I'm heating it so the reason that what will happen is the reaction that it will happen it will give us multiple person and the reason make that is basically since as we know that since me as we as we know that the force reaction requires the sodium metal and therefore it gives basically coupling of an alkyl groups so therefore this also can give a coupling of alkyl groups but it is not necessarily that it will give us that is ething or it will give us propane so there would be multiple possibilities so as to give us the product and what are the material possibilities let me let me talk about that also suppose if I have introducing two moles of sodium and in this case suppose the reaction has been done in such a manner that one of the sodium has involved one of the CL while other of the sodium will take one side from it so now the rate term that I would get is the product that I will get is after the reaction can be ch3 C - it's fine so this is the product and I could get or might be if I've involved this and this whole reactants are in a solution form suppose so it might also be the possibility that what we have taken you know a little example of food selection that is the chloromethane when will react with another mole of floor with in in presence of two moles of sodium so now in this case what is the product that we could get we could get this one that is ch3 ch2 that is called to be eating and suppose in the solution based EC to X Phi is also been present so now see you outside see see th basket that is the calcarine will react with another it's helper head in presence of sodium so as to form basically building so this would be C 2 H 5 and C do it's fine so what are the products that have been involved what are the products that will get in this reaction suppose if we have inverted with high chloride if I ignore it and slowly amine faces of dry so therefore we will get three possibilities or being here three products in that case that is the one would be proofing because as you could see that the number you know it is true and here it is 1 so making how the total number carbon to be 3 so making this to be pooping this is the product that we will get that is e 3 and this is the one that we will get basically buton so this is the one that involves the reactant suppose is a reactant is a scene and this is what we have got double that of the carbon atom and here also suppose if the carbon atom is 2 and we get double the carbon atom of that that is the total number of four but as you can see that this is where it has formed mixed number of carbon atoms that is if this is one carbon atom now this is 2 so making it to be 3 but this kind of reaction that it happens here it is called as self coupling and this self coupling makes me formation of a propane and that says and propane doesn't form by its own plus this is an odd number of carbon atoms because here also you see that the carbon number item is to carve in terms of me involved here for carbon atom involved but here freak out I'm sorry Minnie involved so this kind of copay cannot be prepared from cannot be easily prepared from that is a woods reaction so that's the thing we have to use the method of the zinc copper couple and I'll call so as to convert and I'll kinda ride on we could say that it's a profile all right to convert into propane so this is the thing that is the topic of the Bhoots reaction so they will involve or they we could make a propane from force reaction but there may be different possibility and guess we have to make two different at cap and so as to make this product but it is not necessary yet only this word we can get this product also so that is the thing that it will happen so that is the drawback of Bhoots reaction that is we can make a hydrocarbon which consists of even number of carbon atoms or even number of carbon atoms that is what we can make from so this has to make a quite a glimpse of what we have dealt that I serve from the conversion of an alkyl halide to an alkene we have a question so we have a question that is how can you convert ether provide into ethane and BS how can you convert each other I - butane so there are two different questions that they have been asked about and from which the first one is to prepare Ethan from an effect for it so what is the reaction that you will it would involve so let us do the first station that they have been asking about so this is what we have to do is we have to convert a coil into ETA so this is how can we write that so because they have asked us to convert ether cried into Ethan so suppose we will write the ethyl chloride on the left hand side right so therefore they take our chloride can be represented as c2h5 see it so this is the ethyl chloride and from which we have to prepare basically Ethan so Ethan is nothing but C 2 X 6 so this is what we have to prepare so a mall the two methods that we have learned that is from alkyl halide we have to prepare using the zinc copper couple and another one is so limited so in this case basically the thing that could be involved is very simple to detect that the total number of carbon here is found to be 2 and here it is also found to be 2 that is in case of product so because the carbon number has not been increased or it has not been opened it is the same as it is so therefore in this case basically a logical thing that we are going to apply that is in this case we are going to apply the reactants like that would be involved that is zinc copper couple and these are the regions that would be more in presence of basically alcohol and will heat it so after the zinc copper couple is reacted with a alcohol then the evolution of hydrogen in skåne hydrogen species will be involved so therefore two niskin hydrogen two most of my second hydrogen will be involved in which one of the hydrogen atom we take away the CL supposed to form be silly its seen by the one H will be involved with the L can depend in this case the at calgrove is nothing but that is it having because the name of this is a file flow rate that is one hydrogen is bit less and that I and that hydrogen is been replaced by Rho n atoms so therefore this is called to be ethyl chloride and from this integral we have made basically eat a knot we have produced anything but the most important thing the most important thing is we have included this as to be a reaction where we have in introduced to nascent hydrogen in presence that has been because of the presence of zinc copper couple and alcohol and in this case we have not applied the other reactant that we have did that is force reaction I don't care about the another one so this is the one that has been done and let us talk about the other one so the another one is been asking about that we how can you convert ethyl chloride to and butane so let us do that also suppose if we have if I that could be represented in c2h5 CL and is what we have tooken what it do basically and building so n-butane can be represented as in this manner that is ch3 ch2 ch2 ch3 as you can see this is beauty but you will also observe that the total number of carbon on the reactant side all the in the ether quran is basically - well in case of n butane that has been provided to us that is this is n butane the product has been provided to us and because the thing that we have to do is we have to estimate that which or the reaction would be involved so the total number of carbon atom here in Ithaca right is to come Adam well in this case is 4 carbon atom so the reactant has no which one makes two carbon atoms now been divided that is for government and that means two moles of B think oil has been used making food carbon atom on the products side and this is only possible in for selection where we will involved two moles of sodium in presence of bright where the by-product that we would get is two moles of that is any same so this is how we could prepare that is n butane from ethyl halide having to or having double the carbon atoms like the compared to that of the reactant so this is where the to Rachel's where we have got an alkyl halide and we have used the same that is inaccurate but the products have been different the first we have got the product to be eaten and the second that we have bought the product to be butane so in this case also we have to also check that which of the method that we are using first to prepare in particular in case so this all was nothing but the formation of an alkene that we have did so this has the three methods that we have did and talked about and expressing that I have to mention that is in this case basically ethyl chloride or we could say we have converted and hell I'd do an L King and talking about the reactivity that which of the reactivity will have the most so for that suppose the iconic can be represented in this way that is this is for Clooney this is for alkyl bromide I can chloride and this is alkyne I read now talking about the reactivity reactivity of this one will be more the reactivity of basically alkyl iodide will be more than that of the bromine than that of the Elkanah chlorine so this is the thing that I wanted to express that the reason behind that the reactivity of alpha I would write is more because of the atomic size of the atom if the atomic size of the iodine is more and more over we could see that because of which they will have a kind of whenever they will react with the other groups or other species so in this case they would separate very easily and because of mystery actually will happen so that's the reason because of the acting which has some more atomic size compared to that of the chlorine that makes the alkyne I would have to be more reactive than compared to the other one so this will be methods of preparation of alkane that we have did and this when all the protections that we have did and it was very easy to so fine difference for watching this video I hope you have understood this video very clearly and yes you have got to know that how can we prepare alkane by using various methods that we have gained in this section so share this with the friends and yes don't forget to subscribe me karasuna thank you so much

thank you